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Skeletal system
Topics
Skull
Parts of the skull, bones and their anatomical landmarks.
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- Skull (overview)
- Parts of skull (neurocranium and viscerocranium)
- Bones of neurocranium
- Frontal bone
- Frontal bone (squamous part)
- Frontal bone (orbital part)
- Frontal bone (nasal part)
- Ethmoid (overview and parts)
- Ethmoid (landmarks)
- Sphenoid (overview and parts)
- Body of sphenoid
- Body of sphenoid (landmarks)
- Greater wings of sphenoid (overview and surfaces)
- Greater wings of sphenoid (margins and openings)
- Lesser wings of sphenoid
- Pterygoid processes of sphenoid
- Temporal bone
- Squamous part of temporal bone
- Tympanic part of temporal bone
- Mastoid part of temporal bone
- Petrous part of temporal bone
- Apex of petrous part
- Anterior surface of petrous part
- Posterior surface of petrous part
- Inferior surface of petrous part
- Parietal bone (overview, borders, and angles)
- Parietal bone (surfaces and landmarks)
- Occipital bone (overview and parts)
- Occipital bone (basilar part)
- Occipital bone (lateral parts)
- Occipital bone (squamous part)
- Bones of viscerocranium
- Maxilla (overview and parts)
- Maxilla (body)
- Maxilla (processes)
- Palatine bone (overview)
- Palatine bone (horizontal plate)
- Palatine bone (perpendicular plate)
- Palatine bone (processes)
- Zygomatic bone (overview and processes)
- Zygomatic bone (surfaces, borders, and foramina)
- Lacrimal bone (overview and surfaces)
- Lacrimal bone (borders)
- Nasal bone
- Inferior nasal concha
- Vomer
- Mandible (overview)
- Mandible (body)
- Mandible (base)
- Mandible (alveolar process)
- Mandible (ramus)
- Hyoid bone (overview)
- Hyoid bone (parts)
Skull topography
Cranial bases, temporal, infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae, orbit, nasal cavity.
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- Skull topography (overview)
- Cranial base and calvaria
- Internal cranial base
- Internal cranial base (fossae)
- Anterior cranial fossa
- Anterior cranial fossa (borders)
- Anterior cranial fossa (walls)
- Anterior cranial fossa (openings)
- Middle cranial fossa
- Middle cranial fossa (borders)
- Middle cranial fossa (walls)
- Middle cranial fossa (openings)
- Posterior cranial fossa
- Posterior cranial fossa (borders)
- Posterior cranial fossa (walls)
- Posterior cranial fossa (openings)
- External cranial base
- External cranial base (parts and bones)
- Temporal fossa
- Temporal fossa (borders)
- Temporal fossa (walls)
- Temporal fossa (openings)
- Infratemporal fossa
- Infratemporal fossa (walls and borders)
- Infratemporal fossa (openings)
- Pterygopalatine fossa
- Orbit
- Orbit (margins and walls)
- Orbit (openings)
- Nasal cavity
- Paranasal sinuses
- Ethmoidal air cells
- Maxillary sinus
- Frontal sinus
- Sphenoid sinus
Skeleton of the lower limb
Bones of the pelvic girdle and skeleton of the free lower limb.
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- Skeleton of lower limb (overview)
- Pelvic skeleton
- Hip bone
- Features of hip bone (acetabulum and obturator foramen)
- Ilium
- Ilium (landmarks)
- Ischium
- Ischium (landmarks)
- Pubic bone (Pubis)
- Pubic bone (landmarks)
- Femur
- Features of femur (proximal epiphysis)
- Features of femur (diaphysis)
- Features of femur (distal epiphysis)
- Patella
- Lower leg bones
- Tibia
- Features of tibia (proximal epiphysis)
- Features of tibia (diaphysis)
- Features of tibia (distal epiphysis)
- Fibula
- Features of fibula
- Bones of foot
- Tarsal bones
- Talus
- Talus (landmarks)
- Calcaneus
- Navicular bone
- Cuneiform bones
- Medial cuneiform
- Intermediate (middle) cuneiform
- Lateral cuneiform
- Cuboid bone
- Metatarsal bones
- Metatarsal bones (parts)
- First metatarsal bone
- Second metatarsal bone
- Third metatarsal bone
- Fourth metatarsal bone
- Fifth metatarsal bone
- Phalanges of foot
- Phalanges of foot (parts)
- Proximal phalanges of foot
- Intermediate (middle) phalanges of foot
- Distal phalanges of foot
Skeleton of the upper limb
Bones that form the skeleton of the shoulder girdle and the free upper extremity.
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- Skeleton of upper limb (overview)
- Scapula
- Clavicle
- Humerus
- Humerus (proximal epiphysis)
- Humerus (diaphysis)
- Humerus (distal epiphysis)
- Bones of forearm
- Ulna
- Ulna (proximal epiphysis)
- Ulna (diaphysis)
- Ulna (distal epiphysis)
- Radius
- Radius (proximal epiphysis)
- Radius (diaphysis)
- Radius (distal epiphysis)
- Bones of hand
- Carpal bones
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetral
- Pisiform
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
- Metacarpal bones
- Metacarpal bones (parts)
- First metacarpal bone
- Second metacarpal bone
- Third metacarpal bone
- Fourth metacarpal bone
- Fifth metacarpal bone
- Phalanges of hand
- Phalanges of hand (parts)
- Proximal phalanges of hand
- Intermediate (middle) phalanges of hand
- Distal phalanges of hand
Pelvis
Pelvic bones, features of ilium, ischium, pubis; true and false pelvis, pelvic measurements.
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- Pelvis (overview)
- Bones of pelvis (bony pelvis)
- Hip bone
- Features of hip bone (acetabulum and obturator foramen)
- Ilium
- Ilium (landmarks)
- Ischium
- Ischium (landmarks)
- Pubic bone (pubis)
- Pubis (landmarks)
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
- Pelvic inlet
- Pelvic outlet
- False pelvis (greater pelvis)
- True pelvis (lesser pelvis)
- Pelvic inlet diameters
- Pelvic outlet diameters
Ligaments of the upper limb
Ligaments of the shoulder and ligaments strengthening joints of the free upper limb.
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- Ligaments of shoulder girdle
- Coracoacromial ligament
- Superior transverse scapular ligament
- Ligaments of acromioclavicular joint
- Ligaments of shoulder joint
- Shoulder bursas
- Ligaments of elbow joint
- Interosseous membrane of forearm
- Ligaments of wrist joint
- Ligaments of midcarpal joint
- Ligaments of carpometacarpal joints
- Ligaments of intermetacarpal joints
- Ligaments of metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
Ligaments of the lower limb
Ligaments strenghtening the joints of the free lower extremity.
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- Ligaments of knee joint
- Bursae of knee joint
- Ligaments and interosseous membrane of leg
- Ligaments of ankle joint (part 1)
- Ligaments of ankle joint (part 2)
- Ligaments of subtalar joint
- Ligaments of talocalcaneonavicular joint
- Ligaments of calcaneocuboid joint
- Choparts joint
- Ligaments of cuneonavicular joint
- Lisfrancs joint (part 1)
- Lisfrancs joint (part 2)
- Ligaments of intermetatarsal joints
- Ligaments of metatatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
Ligaments of the pelvis
Ligaments strengthening the pelvic girdle, their origin, insertion, and function.
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- Joints of pelvis
- Inguinal ligament
- Vertebro-pelvic ligaments
- Sacrospinous ligament
- Sacrotuberous ligament
- Iliolumbar ligament
- Long ligaments of vertebral column
- Anterior longitudinal ligament
- Supraspinous ligament
- Sacroiliac joint and its ligaments
- Pubic symphysis and its ligaments
- Sacrococcygeal symphysis and its ligaments
- Anterior and lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments
- Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Spine
Parts and bones of the spine, curvatures, intervertebral discs.
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- Spine (overview)
- Vertebrae
- Processes of vertebrae
- Cervical vertebrae
- Typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C5)
- Atlas (C1)
- Axis (C2)
- Sixth cervical vertebra (C6)
- Vertebra prominens (C7)
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Typical thoracic vertebrae (T2-T9)
- Atypical thoracic vertebra: T1
- Atypical thoracic vertebra: T10
- Atypical thoracic vertebra: T11
- Atypical thoracic vertebra: T12
- Lumbar vertebrae
- Typical lumbar vertebrae (L1-L4)
- Atypical lumbar vertebra: L5
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
- Intervertebral discs
- Vertebral canal
- Curvatures of spine
Skull openings
Location of various openings connecting different parts of the skull.
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- Skull openings (overview)
- Foramen magnum
- Supraorbital foramen (or notch)
- Frontal (supratrochlear) foramen (or notch)
- Infraorbital foramen
- Nasolacrimal canal
- Anterior ethmoidal foramen
- Posterior ethmoidal foramen
- Superior orbital fissure
- Optic canal
- Inferior orbital fissure
- Opening of frontal sinus
- Cribriform foramina
- Foramen rotundum
- Foramen ovale
- Foramen spinosum
- Foramen lacerum
- Jugular foramen
- Opening of sphenoidal sinus
- External and internal openings of the carotid canal
- Musculotubal canal
- Hiatus for greater petrosal nerve
- Hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve
- Internal acoustic (auditory) opening
- Opening of vestibular canaliculus
- Stylomastoid foramen
- Opening of cochlear aqueduct
- Mastoid canaliculus (Arnold's canal)
- Tympanic canaliculus (Jacobson's canaliculus)
- Mastoid foramen
- Pterygoid canal (Vidian canal)
- Condylar canal (condylar foramen)
- Hypoglossal canal
- Alveolar foramina
- Greater palatine foramen
- Lesser palatine foramina
- Maxillary hiatus
- Incisive foramen
- Pterygomaxillary fissure
- Sphenopalatine foramen
- External acoustic (auditory) opening
- Zygomaticoorbital foramen
- Zygomaticofacial foramen
- Zygomaticotemporal foramen
- Inferior alveolar foramen (mandibular foramen)
- Mental foramen
- Parietal foramen
- Choana
- Pyriform (piriform) aperture