Each kidney is supplied by a single large renal artery, a lateral branch of the abdominal aorta. The renal arteries usually arise at the level between the L1 and L2 vertebrae, just inferior to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.

The left renal artery typically arises a bit higher than the right. The right renal artery is longer and travels posterior to the inferior vena cava.

Upon reaching the hilum, each renal artery divides into anterior and posterior branches, which supply the renal parenchyma.

It is common to have accessory renal arteries, originating from the lateral aspect of the abdominal aorta above or below the primary renal arteries, enter the hilum together with the primary arteries or pass directly into the kidney at some other level. This type of accessory renal arteries are called extrahilar arteries.

Venous drainage

Multiple veins join and form the left and right renal veins, which are located anterior to the renal arteries. The left renal vein is longer and passes anterior to the abdominal aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric artery. This is important because an aneurysm (buldging) of either of these two vessels can compress the left renal vein.

Each renal vein collects blood from one kidney and drains into the inferior vena cava, which carries venous blood back to the heart.

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Blood supply of kidneys